The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing

=20

There=20 is no universally accepted method of formatting and documenting = citations=20 in academic writing. Different disciplines, and even different = journals=20 within a discipline, are each likely to have their own partly = rational and=20 partly idiosyncratic customs and rules. An important part of = scholarly=20 training is learning what the rules are in one's particular field, = so one=20 can display the right kind of learning and = professionalization.

In history and the humanities, Chicago style is = a=20 widely-used format, favored by those who prefer the traditional = look of=20 footnotes (or endnotes) rather than in-text citations. Nuts and Bolts presents here a concise = guide to=20 Chicago notes style. Lovingly detailed treatment is available in = The = Chicago=20 Manual of Style, 15th ed. (University of Chicago Press, = 2003). It=20 is worth noting that for the physical, natural, and social = sciences, the=20 Chicago Manual recommends the author-date system of in-text = citations,=20 similar to MLA and APA formats. For more information on the = difference between these two styles of citation, see the Chi= cago-Style=20 Citation Quick Guide online.

Chicago = document=20 formats

Paper and=20 binding

Use=20 sturdy white, unlined 8.5" by 11" paper. Chicago style is to use=20 paperclips (in the upper left corner) rather than staples, though = some=20 teachers may have their own requirements. Don't use binders or = plastic=20 covers unless your teacher wants them. Don't hold your paper = together by=20 folding or tearing pages.

Margins, line spacing, and=20 paragraphs

Except for page numbers (see below), use margins of one = inch on all=20 sides. The essay, including set-off quotations, should be = double-spaced=20 (but not the notes or the bibliography),=20 with no blank lines between paragraphs. The first line of each new = paragraph is indented a half-inch on the left (or five spaces if = you use a=20 typewriter). Set-off (block) quotations are indented one inch on = the=20 left.

Printing and=20 fonts

Type or print; don't turn in handwritten formal work. = Print on only=20 one side of the page, in black ink. Use a plain serif or = sans-serif font.=20 Good serif choices are Times Roman and Palatino; good non-serif = choices=20 are Arial and Helvetica, though some teachers require a serif = (more=20 traditional) font.

Emphasis

For emphasis and titles of books, use either italics or=20 underlining. Choose one and be consistent.

Page numbers =

Put page numbers a half-inch from the top edge of the = paper, flush=20 with the right margin. Don't spell out the numbers and don't = precede them=20 with the word "page." (Your teacher may require you to put an = identifier=20 like your last name before the page number.)

If you have a title page don't number it but count it for = purposes=20 of pagination. Word processors automate pagination, so make sure = you know=20 how to use the page number command.

Spaces between=20 sentences

In the old days of typewriters and nonproportional fonts = (in which=20 every letter, from i to w, takes up the same space), = the=20 rule was to put two spaces between sentences to improve = readability. But=20 if you print from a computer, you should put just one space = between=20 sentences.

Title

Normal=20 Chicago-style titles are between seven and 15 words long. Make sure your essay has a meaningful = title that is=20 more than a bare-bones identifier (not Essay #1 or Essay = on=20 Milton). It should signal to the reader what your essay is = about (like=20 Irony in Marvell's Ode on Cromwell, or Jefferson's = Unpublished=20 Writings on Slavery). A common academic device to create a bit = of=20 elegance is to use a title and subtitle, separating them with a = colon.=20 Typically the titles are balanced so that one is broad and the = other more=20 focused, or one uses a key term and the other starts to delimit = and=20 explain it:

Mysteries of State: An Absolute Concept and its = Late Medieval=20 Origins

Often you'll see a pithy quoted fragment before the=20 colon:

"Hell Strives With Grace": Reflections on the Theme = of=20 Providence in = Marlowe

Title page

Papers longer=20 than five pages need a separate title page. It looks something = like=20 this:

The title=20 is centered, about half-way down the page. If it exceeds a single = line,=20 break it at a natural point.

The essay=20 begins on the next page with no special heading:

Short paper (no separate = title=20 page)=20

Short papers=20 (no more than five pages) don't need a separate title page unless = a=20 teacher requires one. Here's an example of the = first page of=20 a short paper, Chicago-style. Note that with no title page, the = first page=20 includes information on the student, course, professor, and date=20 (different teachers may modify this).

Notes = (endnotes or=20 footnotes)=20

In literature, history and the arts, Chicago style uses=20 bibliographic notes rather than in-text citations. Your teacher = will=20 require you to use either footnotes (at the foot of the page) or = endnotes=20 (at the end of the essay). Detailed treatment of notes for = different kinds=20 of texts follows below, but here are the general = formats.

Authors' names are not inverted in notes (Michael Harvey, = not=20 Harvey, Michael). See below for examples.

Endnotes

Endnotes are=20 gathered together at the end of the essay, commencing on a new = page.=20 Pagination continues from the essay. The word Notes is = centered on=20 the first line (subsequent pages of notes don't have a title). = Notes are=20 numbered, following the note numbers used in the text. In the = endnotes the=20 numbers are in normal text (not superscript), and are followed by = a period=20 and a space. The first line of the note is indented a half-inch = (or five=20 spaces); subsequent lines are flush left. Notes are single-spaced, = with a=20 blank line between notes.

Footnotes

Footnotes=20 occur at the bottom of each page. A line extending about 40 spaces = or a=20 bit less than half the width of the page separates the notes from = regular=20 text. Notes are numbered; the numbers are in normal text (not=20 superscript), and are followed by a period and a space. The first = line of=20 the note is indented a half-inch (or five spaces);: subsequent = lines are=20 flush left. Notes are single-spaced, with a blank line between=20 notes.

Late=20 corrections=20

Sometimes you will discover mistakes in what you thought = was a=20 final draft, when you no longer have time to print out a corrected = version. In such cases, you should hand-correct the printed = version=20 (that's one reason to double-space essays). It's usually okay to = turn in=20 an essay with one or two such corrections. How to do it: Cross out = the=20 mistake with a single horizontal line. Mark the insertion point = with a=20 caret (^). Neatly write in the correction above the printed line. = Don't=20 write below the line or in the margin. If you need to make a more=20 substantial correction, make a clean printout.

Basic = Chicago citation=20 style

The=20 traditional Chicago citation style consists of references in = notes, either=20 footnotes or endnotes (footnotes go at the bottom of the page on = which the=20 note occurs, and endnotes are gathered together at the end of the = paper;=20 which you use depends on what your teacher prefers). The = examples here = assume footnotes,=20 but endnotes would look the same.

The=20 first citation of a work requires full bibliographic information.=20 Subsequent citations take a brief note: usually just author and = page. At=20 the end of the paper is a bibliography with a complete, = alphabetized list=20 of all works cited. The point of Chicago style is to make it easy = for=20 readers to see at a glance the source of a citation.

The quoted passage

The novel opens evocatively, with a beginning that = sounds=20 almost like an ending: "So the beginning of this was a woman = and she=20 had come back from burying the dead."

The footnote (assuming this is = the first=20 citation from this text)

11. Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching = God=20 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 9.

The footnote (assuming this is = not the first=20 citation from this text)

11. Hurston, = 9.

Note that the=20 page number is given without any abbreviation like = p.

Introducing = quotations=20 elegantly takes some practice. Check Effective=20 quoting for help.

Bibliography

Chicago = style=20 requires you to list your sources with full bibliographic = information at=20 the end of the paper (after any endnotes). The usual title is=20 "Bibliography," though other titles (like Works Cited or = References) are=20 permitted. The bibliography begins on a new page and continues the = paper's=20 page numbers. Like other page numbers, the page number for the=20 bibliography appears in the upper-right hand corner, half an inch = from the=20 top and flush with the right margin (all margins are one = inch).

The title = is=20 centered, an inch from the top of the page. Double-space between = title and=20 the first entry. Each entry begins flush with the left margin, and = is then=20 indented half an inch (learn how to do hanging indents in your = word=20 processor of choice to manage this; in a pinch, indent five spaces = from=20 the left margin). Entries are single-spaced, with a blank line = between=20 entries.

Bibliographic references=20

The point = of a=20 bibliographic reference is to allow your readers to track down = your=20 sources. As the examples in the list of works cited above show, = you need=20 to include standard bibliographic information: author, title, = place of=20 publication, publisher, and year of publication.

Titles

Get the = title from=20 the title page, not the cover or another source. Give spelled-out=20 equivalents of symbols like &. When a title consists of = two=20 phrases on separate lines, join them with a colon. For example, = this title=20 page would be listed as Shakespeare Reread: The Texts in New=20 Contexts.

SHAKESPEARE=20 REREAD

The=20 texts in new=20 contexts

Alphabetization

Alphabetize the list=20 by author, or for any anonymous works by title (ignoring but not = deleting=20 A, An, and The).

Capitalization

Capitalize all=20 significant words, regardless of how the original source is = capitalized.=20 Capitalize most words except articles (a, an, the), = prepositions=20 (of, to, in, against), coordinating conjunctions (and, = but, for,=20 nor, or, so, yet), and the to in infinitives. But if = any of=20 these occurs as the first or last word of a title or subtitle, = capitalize=20 it.

Underlining/italics and quotation = marks

The = titles of works=20 published independently (not within another volume) are typically=20 formatted with underlining (or, increasingly often, italics). = These=20 include books, plays, long poems published as books, pamphlets,=20 newspapers, magazines, journals, films, radio and television = programs, web=20 sites, CDs, software, ballets, operas, paintings, and other works = and=20 artifacts that stand on their own.

The = titles of works=20 published within other works are typically placed in quotation = marks.=20 These include articles, essays, stories, short poems, chapters,=20 encyclopedia entries, sections of online documents, songs, and = individual=20 episodes of broadcast programs.

Titles=20 in titles

Underlined (or italicized) titles in quoted = titles. Retain the = underlining:=20 "Death in Death in Venice."

Quoted=20 titles in quoted title. Switch to single quotation marks for the inner title: = "Ironic=20 reversal in Nirvana's 'Smells Like Teen Spirit.'"

Underlined titles in underlined titles. Don't underline = or use=20 quotation marks: Stowe's Trumpet: Uncle Tom's Cabin and = the=20 Civil War.

Quoted=20 title in underlined title. Keep the = quotation marks:=20 "Sailing to Byzantium" and Modern Memory

If a = quotation-mark=20 title ends a sentence, put the period (but not other punctuation = marks=20 like question marks) inside the quotation mark.

Exceptions

Titles of = sacred=20 writings like the Koran or Bible (and all books therein) are not=20 underlined or italicized: "The story of Moses is told mainly in = Exodus and=20 Deuteronomy."

Neither = are the names=20 of laws or other political documents (the U.S. Constitution), = musical=20 compositions like symphonies or concertos (Beethoven's Symphony = no. 3),=20 series, societies, buildings, conferences, and courses.

The = divisions of a=20 work (preface, introduction, foreword, act, scene, canto, section, = etc.)=20 are not underlined or put in quotation marks; nor are they = capitalized=20 when used in the text of a paper: "Claudius dominates act 4 of the = play."

Chicago = notes and=20 bibliography details

Nuts and=20 Bolts helps=20 with many questions about Chicago notes and bibliographic entries. = But before we launch into = the=20 minutiae of how to cite this or that source, let's state a couple = of=20 guiding principles: the point of Chicago style, or indeed any = citation=20 style, is not rules for their own sake, but as conventions meant = to=20 enhance clarity,=20 readability, and usefulness. If any of the rules below seem to = produce=20 unclear citations or a difficult-to-read paper, that may because = this=20 summary treatment makes Chicago style seem more rigid than it = really is.=20 If you want further guidance, consult the 900-page Manual itself, = or send=20 a query to the Chicago=20 Manual FAQ.

Each = entry below=20 shows how to format the footnote citation and the bibliographic = entry, and=20 provides examples when needed. For full details and hundreds of = special=20 cases, consult the Chicago = Manual of=20 Style.

Here are = the types of=20 sources detailed below (the next=20 section treats Internet sources):

1. = Basic book=20 format
2. Basic journal article format
3. Two or more = works by=20 the same author
4. Edited work by a single author
5. = Edited=20 anthology
6. A chapter or essay from an anthology
7.=20 Citations of multiple works from an anthology
8. An = anonymous=20 work
9. An article from an anonymous reference work =
10. An=20 introduction, preface, etc.
11. A work by two or three=20 authors
12. A work by four or more authors
13. A work = by a=20 corporate author

14. A multivolume work=97referencing the whole work =
15.=20 Untitled volume in a multivolume work
16. Titled volume = in a=20 multivolume work
17. Classics
18. Poems
19. Drama =
20.=20 The Bible
21. Letter in a published collection
22. = Public=20 documents
23. The U.S. Constitution
24. Congressional=20 documents
25. Statutes
26. Presidential=20 documents

27. = Executive=20 department, administrative agency, and government commission = documents
28. Federal and state court decisions
29. A = magazine=20 article
30. An anonymous magazine article
31. A = newspaper=20 article
32. An unsigned article editorial
33. A=20 pamphlet
34. Multiple citations in one note
35. A=20 translation
36. A second or subsequent edition
37. = Indirect=20 source
38. Abbreviations for frequently cited = works
39.=20 Missing bibliographic information =

1. = Basic book=20 format

Footnote/endnote

First footnote

1. = David=20 Daiches, Moses: The Man and his Vision (New York: = Praeger=20 Publishers, 1975).

Subsequent=20 footnotes

3. = Daiches,=20 176.

Bibliographic entry

Daiches, David.=20 Moses: The Man and his Vision. New York: Praeger = Publishers,=20 1975.

2. = Basic journal=20 article format

Footnote/endnote

First footnote

2. = Julia=20 Reinhard Lupton, "Creature Caliban," Shakespeare = Quarterly=20 51, no. 1 (2000): 17.

Subsequent=20 footnotes

3. = Lupton, 19.=20

Bibliographic entry

Lupton, Julia=20 Reinhard. "Creature Caliban." Shakespeare Quarterly = 51, no. 1=20 (2000): 1-23.

3. Two or more works by the same = author

Footnote/endnote. = Citing more than = work by a=20 scholar is no problem for the first citation, because the first = note will=20 have full bibliographic information. But subsequent citations will = have to=20 identify not only the scholar, but also the specific work, as this = example=20 shows:

Levin amplifies his argument in a rebuttal to = Charnes.

First = footnote

2. = Richard=20 Levin, "The Poetics and Politics of Bardicide," PMLA = 105=20 (1990): 491-504.

Subsequent=20 footnotes

5. = Levin,=20 "Bashing," 79. [A subsequent citation of the other work = by this=20 author.]

6. = Levin,=20 "Poetics," 493.

7. = Levin,=20 "Poetics," 499-500.

Bibliographic entry.=20 For second = and=20 subsequent entries by the same author(s) type three dashes (___) = or three=20 hyphens (---) instead of the name. Sort the author's works = alphabetically=20 by title or chronologically. Whichever you choose, be consistent=20 throughout the bibliography. (If you sort by title, disregard but = don't=20 delete The, A, and = An).

Levin, = Richard. "Bashing=20 the Bourgeois Subject." Textual Practice 3:1 (Spring = 1989):=20 76-86.

___. "The=20 Poetics and Politics of Bardicide." PMLA 105 (1990):=20 491-504.

But do = not use the=20 dashes or hyphens for any case where the same person is cited as = part of a=20 different coauthorship. And they're never used in combination with = a=20 spelled-out name (not ___ and William Harrison). =

4. Edited work by a single=20 author

Footnote/endnote

Smaller work=20 within the volume

4.=20 Matthew Arnold, "The Scholar-Gipsy," in Poetry and = Criticism of=20 Matthew Arnold, ed. A. Dwight Culler (Boston: = Houghton-Mifflin,=20 1961), 151.

A=20 stand-alone work

5. John=20 Milton, Paradise Lost, ed. Scott Elledge (New York: = W. W.=20 Norton, 1975).

Bibliographic entry=20

Smaller work=20 within the volume

Arnold, Matthew. "The Scholar-Gipsy." In Poetry = and=20 Criticism of Matthew Arnold, edited by A. Dwight Culler, = 147-153. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1961.

A=20 stand-alone work

Milton,=20 John. Paradise Lost. Edited by Scott Elledge. New = York: W. W.=20 Norton, 1975.

5. Edited=20 anthology

Footnote/endnote

5.=20 Teresa del Valle, ed., Gendered Anthropology (London = and New=20 York: Routledge, 1993). =

Bibliographic entry=20

del=20 Valle, Teresa, ed. Gendered Anthropology. London and = New=20 York: Routledge, = 1993.

6. A chapter or essay from an=20 anthology

Footnote/endnote

6.=20 Henrietta L. Moore, "The Differences Within and the = Differences=20 Between," in Gendered Anthropology, ed. Teresa del = Valle=20 (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), 193-204.=20

Bibliographic entry

Moore, Henrietta L. "The Differences Within and the = Differences Between." In Gendered Anthropology, = edited by=20 Teresa del Valle, 193-204. London and New York: Routledge, = 1993.=20

7. = Citations of=20 multiple works from an anthology

Treat each = citation=20 separately. Chicago style discourages=20 cross-references.

8. An = anonymous=20 work

Footnote/endnote=20

8. Job=20 19:23-24. The Geneva Bible: A Facsimile of the 1560 = edition,=20 introd. Lloyd E. Berry (Madison: University of Wisconsin = Press,=20 1969).

Normally, = citations from the=20 Bible=20 follow a particular format (book, chapter, verse, and version). = The=20 footnote here would follow that format and add publication = information=20 since a (now) non-standard historic text is being used for = scholarly=20 purposes.

Bibliographic entry.=20 Alphabetize by title, disregarding A, An, and=20 The.

The Geneva=20 Bible: A Facsimile of the 1560 edition. Introduction by = Lloyd E.=20 Berry. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,=20 1969.

The Bible = is=20 not normally included in the bibliography, but in this instance = the work's=20 status as a scholarly edition of a historical text means that a=20 bibliographic entry is appropriate.

9. An = article from=20 an anonymous reference book

Footnote/endnote

9. = The=20 Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage. = Springfield, Mass.:=20 Merriam-Webster, 1989, s.v. "Split Infinitive."=20

s.v. stands for the Latin = sub=20 verbo ("under the word").

Bibliographic entry.=20 Encyclopedias and dictionaries are generally not included in the=20 bibliography

10. An=20 introduction, preface, or similar part of a book

Reference to a = part of a=20 book does not necessarily have to identify the part, especially if = there=20 are other citations to the text as a whole. But if citation of a = specific=20 part is indicated, here's the format:

Footnote/endnote=20

10. Paul=20 Fussell, preface to The Great War and Modern Memory = (London:=20 Oxford University Press, = 1975).

Bibliographic = entry =

Fussell,=20 Paul. Preface to The Great War and Modern Memory. = London:=20 Oxford University Press, = 1975.

If the part is by = someone=20 other than the author, follow this format:

Footnote/endnote=20

10. W. H.=20 Auden, introduction to The Star Thrower, by Loren = Eiseley=20 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,=20 1978).

Bibliographic = entry =

Auden, W.=20 H. Introduction to The Star Thrower, by Loren = Eiseley. New=20 York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,=20 1978.

11. A = work by two=20 or three authors

Footnote/endnote=20

11.=20 Aaron Wildavsky and Karl Drake, "Theories of Risk = Perception: Who=20 Fears What and Why?" Daedalus 119 (1990): = 41-60.

25.=20 Carolyn Ruth Swift Lenz, Gayle Greene, and Carol Thomas = Neely, eds.,=20 The Woman's Part: Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare = (Urbana:=20 University of Illinois Press, = 1980).

Bibliographic = entry =

Wildavsky, Aaron and Karl Drake. "Theories of Risk=20 Perception: Who Fears What and Why?" Daedalus 119 = (1990):=20 41-60.

Lenz, Carolyn Ruth Swift, Gayle Greene, and Carol = Thomas=20 Neely, eds. The Woman's Part: Feminist Criticism of = Shakespeare.=20 Urbana: University of Illinois Press,=20 1980.

12. A = work by four=20 or more authors

Footnote/endnote

12.=20 Randolph Quirk et al., A Comprehensive Grammar of the = English=20 Language (London and New York: Longman, 1985),=20 217.

Bibliographic = entry

Quirk, Randolph, et al. A Comprehensive Grammar = of the=20 English Language. London and New York: Longman,=20 1985.

13. A = work by a=20 corporate author

Footnote/endnote.=20 Treat the organization as the author, and cite the name = or a short=20 version of it: (Modern Language Association)

13.=20 National Endowment for the Arts, 1997 Survey of Public=20 Participation in the Arts: Summary Report. Research = Division=20 Report, vol. 39 (Washington, DC: National Endowment for the = Arts,=20 1998), 38-41.

Bibliographic entry

National=20 Endowment for the Arts. 1997 Survey of Public = Participation in=20 the Arts: Summary Report. Research Division Report, vol. = 39.=20 Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts,=20 1998.

14. A = multivolume=20 work=97referencing the whole work

Footnote/endnote

13.=20 Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, 6 vols. = (Boston:=20 Houghton Mifflin, = 1948-1953).

Bibliographic entry

Churchill, Winston S. The Second World War. = 6 vols.=20 Boston: Houghton Mifflin,=20 1948-1953.

15. = Untitled volume=20 in a multivolume work

Footnote/endnote

14.=20 Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman = Empire, ed.=20 J. B. Bury (New York: Heritage, 1946),=20 2:923-941.

Bibliographic entry

Gibbon, Edward. The Decline and Fall of the = Roman=20 Empire. Edited by J. B. Bury. Vol. 2. New York: = Heritage,=20 1946.

16. = Titled volume=20 in a multivolume work

You've = got a choice:=20 you may give the title of the individual volume before or after = the title=20 of the multivolume work. Whichever you choose, be = consistent.

Footnote/endnote

15.=20 Winston S. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, vol. 6 of = The=20 Second World War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953),=20 289.

15.=20 Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. = 6,=20 Triumph and Tragedy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953), = 289.=20

Bibliographic entry

Churchill, Winston S. Triumph and Tragedy. = Vol. 6 of=20 The Second World War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,=20 1953.

Churchill, Winston S. The Second World War. = Vol. 6,=20 Triumph and Tragedy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,=20 1953.

17.=20 Classics

For well-known editions of = classic=20 texts, only the name of the edition and the = date of the volume are = necessary=20 (translator, place, and publisher can be left out).

Footnote/endnote=20

27. Horace, = Odes=20 and Epodes, Loeb Classical Library=20 (1978).

Bibliographic entry

Horace.=20 Odes and Epodes. Loeb Classical Library.=20 1978.

For less familiar = editions,=20 full bibliographic information is given.

Aristotle, Politics. Translated and edited = by Ernest=20 Barker. Oxford: Oxford University Press,=20 1958.

Citation of = specific=20 passages in classic works usually is made to parts (books, = sections,=20 cantos, lines, etc.) rather than page number.

29. = Horace,=20 Odes, 1.3, 4.8.

It's common to = compress this=20 style in papers consisting mainly of classical references: 29. = Horace=20 Odes 1.3, 4.8 (additional abbreviations may also be used: = see the=20 list of standard abbreviations at the front of the Oxford = Classical=20 Dictionary).

In general, = division labels=20 (book, section, canto, etc.) are not used, though abbreviations = (bk.,=20 sec., etc.) may be used if deemed necessary for clarity. It may be = convenient to use division names in the text: "In = the sixth=20 canto Dante meets a man transformed into a pig"). =

18.=20 Poems

Footnote/endnote. Omit page numbers when = citing=20 classic poems. Instead, cite by textual division (act, scene, = canto, book,=20 part, etc.) and line, with periods separating the numbers. However = the=20 numbers are formatted in the original, use Arabic numerals (1, 2,=20 3). Don't=20 label the divisions in parentheticals or use l or = ll. to=20 denote lines, because these can be confused with = numbers.

16. = Siegfried=20 Sassoon, "The Rear-Guard," in The Norton Anthology of = Modern=20 Poetry, eds. Richard Ellman and Robert O'Clair (New = York: W. W.=20 Norton, 1973), 382, line = 25.

Bibliographic entry

Sassoon, Siegfried. "The Rear-Guard." The Norton = Anthology=20 of Modern Poetry. Eds. Richard Ellman and Robert = O'Clair. New=20 York: W. W. Norton, 1973. = 382.

.=20 . . Quoting poetry

Quotations of more=20 than one line of poetry are usually set off from the text . But if = you do=20 quote more than one line in the text, indicate line breaks with a = slash=20 (or a solidus, as the Manual reminds us is the proper name) = with a=20 space on each side ( / ):

Gray=20 imagines what those buried in the churchyard might have done = had=20 they lived: "Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest, / = Some=20 Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood."

Set-off = quotations of=20 poetry are often visually centered on the page (the rule of thumb = is to=20 center the longest line and work from that, but make sure to keep = at least=20 a quarter-inch left indent). Reproduce the quoted passage line for = line,=20 with the same indentation pattern and spacing between stanzas as = in the=20 original.

The = best-known=20 line of Emerson's "Concord Hymn" comes at the end of the = first=20 stanza:

By the rude bridge that = arched the=20 flood,
Their flag to April's breeze unfurled,
Here = once=20 the embattled farmers stood
And fired the shot heard = round=20 the world. =

If you = choose to=20 begin quoting in the middle of a line of verse, convey that with = extra=20 indentation. Ellipsis follows the same format as for prose = quotations,=20 except that if you skip one or more whole lines of verse, you need = to=20 denote that with a line of em-spaced dots about the same length as = the=20 line of verse above:

Shelley builds=20 the tension of "England in 1819" for more than a dozen lines = before=20 releasing it in the poem's fourteenth line:=20

An old,=20 mad, blind, despised, and dying king,
Princes, the = dregs of=20 their dull race, who flow
Through public scorn,=97mud = from a=20 muddy spring,=97
Rulers who neither see, nor feel, = nor=20 know,
But leech-like to their fainting country = cling,
Till=20 they drop, blind in blood, without a blow,=97
A = people starved=20 and stabbed in the untilled=20 = field,=97
. . . .&n= bsp; . . . = . . . . &nb= sp;. . . . = . . . .
Religion = Christless,=20 Godless=97a book sealed;
A Senate,=97Time's worst = statute=20 unrepealed,=97
Are graves, from which a glorious Phantom=20 may
Burst, to illumine our tempestuous=20 = day.
= ; = &= nbsp; &n= bsp; &nb= sp; =20 (1-5,=20 = 13-14)

If a line = of verse is=20 too long to fit on a single line in your paper, you may continue = the line=20 with a further indentation of a quarter inch.

Citations = for set-off=20 quotations of poetry are dropped to the first line after the = quotation=20 and, usually, centered on the rightmost letter of the longest line = of=20 verse, though they may also be flush right or indented a uniform = distance=20 from the right margin.

19.=20 Drama

As with poetry, omit page = numbers=20 when citing classic drama. Instead, cite by textual division (act, = scene,=20 etc.) and line, with periods separating the numbers. However the = numbers=20 are formatted in the original, use Arabic numerals (1, 2,=20 3). In=20 parentheticals don't label the divisions or use l or = ll. to=20 denote lines, because these can be confused with numbers (but you = may use=20 division names in the text: "Claudius dominates act 4 of the = play").=20

Plays may = be written=20 in prose or verse. Prose presents fewer difficulties, and = quotations from=20 prose drama follow the usual Chicago conventions for prose = quotations.=20 Quoting from verse, however, is more complicated. It's helpful to=20 understand something about the conventions of how verse is written = and=20 printed, and how lines are counted.

Shakespeare and many other classic dramatists wrote most = often in=20 iambic pentameter, with 10-syllable lines comprising five feet of = two=20 syllables each. Such a line doesn't necessarily end when a = different=20 character speaks. Line 5.6.100 above, for instance, consists of = three=20 utterances. Note that Line 99's formatting indicates it's = completing a=20 line already begun.

Although Chicago style is = based on=20 notes, the style discourages numerous footnotes or endnotes to the = same=20 works. If you have many references to a pay, for instance, put = them into=20 the text in parentheses. The following example = assumes that=20 the author and text have already been established in an initial=20 reference.

Aufidius taunts Coriolanus as a "boy of tears"=20 (5.6.100).

Bibliographic = entry. There's no need = to include=20 the original publication information for classic works unless = that's=20 germane to your point.

Shakespeare, William. Coriolanus. Edited by = Harry=20 Levin. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1973.=20

You may even leave = such a=20 text out of the bibliography altogether. According to the CMS = (15.296),=20 unless a particular edition is germane to your paper, plays and = poems=20 carrying standard section and line or stanza numbers may be = omitted from=20 the bibliography. In such a case, most teachers expect an initial = note=20 stating which edition(s) are being used.

. . = . Quoting=20 drama=20

If you = are only=20 quoting one character and a short speech, you may put the = quotation within=20 quotation marks in your text. If you're quoting a prose passage, = treat it=20 like any prose quotation; if a verse passage, treat it like = poetry:=20

Finally, Antony=20 rises to deliver his famous funeral oration: "Friends, = Romans,=20 countrymen, lend me your ears; / I come to bury Caesar, not = to=20 praise him. / The evil that men do lives after them; / The = good is=20 oft interr=E8d with their bones" (Julius Caesar=20 3.2.73-76).

But as = with poetry,=20 passages of more than one line are usually set off from the text, = indented=20 as for poetry. Begin each speech with the character's name = (denoted with=20 italics or all capitals) followed by a period and a space. = Quotations of=20 prose need no special handling; verse speeches should follow the = layout of=20 the original.

LAERTES. Must there no more be=20 = done?
DOCTOR.         &nb= sp;           &nbs= p;            = ;            = No=20 more be done.
We = should=20 profane the service of the dead
To sing a requiem = and=20 such rest to her
As to peace-parted=20 = souls.
LAERTES.         &= nbsp;           &n= bsp; Lay=20 her i' th' earth,
And from her fair and = unpolluted=20 flesh
May violets spring! I tell thee, churlish=20 priest,
A minist'ring angel shall my sister = be
When=20 thou liest=20 = howling.
          &= nbsp;           &n= bsp;           &nb= sp;           &nbs= p;            = ;            = =20 (Hamlet 5.1.222-30)=20 =

As with poetry = generally,=20 runover lines of dramatic verse (but not prose) should be indented = an=20 additional quarter-inch.

20. The Bible

Footnote/endnote. = Cite book, = chapter, and verse,=20 and identify the version used. Abbreviate the version name in = subsequent=20 notes. The Chicago Manual of Style has a list of = abbreviations for=20 scriptural books and versions (14.34-35).

First=20 note

32.=20 Job 19.23-24. King James Version.

Subsequent=20 note

33.=20 Job 38.36 KJV.

If there are = numerous=20 scriptural quotations, follow the procedure noted in item = 32=20 below for in-text parenthetical citations. The initial citation = would give=20 version information ("Quotations from the Bible are from the King = James=20 Version"); subsequent references would be placed in the text: (Job = 38.36).

Bibliographic = entry. The Bible is not = normally=20 included in the bibliography.

21. Letter in a published = collection

Footnote/endnote=20

19.=20 Niccol=F2 Machiavelli to Francesco Vettori, 10 December = 1513,=20 Machiavelli: The Chief Works and Others, trans. and = ed. Allan=20 Gilbert (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1965), = 2:927-931.=20

Bibliographic = entry

Machiavelli, Niccol=F2. Letter to Francesco = Vettori, 10=20 December 1513. In Machiavelli: The Chief Works and = Others,=20 translated and edited by Allan Gilbert, 2:927-931. Durham, = N.C.:=20 Duke University Press, 1965. =

22. Public=20 documents

There are many = kinds of=20 public documents. Here we present guidance with the most common = types,=20 focusing on American public documents. In some cases I have chosen = one of=20 several acceptable formats (there is a good deal of leeway in CMS=20 treatment of citations of public documents). See the Manual = for=20 fuller treatment.

Information supplied in a = reference

What information = you must=20 supply and how you order it may vary. A full reference would = include these=20 elements, though not necessarily in this order:

Governmental = territorial=20 division (country, state, etc.) issuing the document.=20
Legislative = body,=20 executive department, court or other top-level author.=20
Subsidiary = offices or=20 departments.=20
Title of the = document or=20 collection.=20
Individual = author=20 (editor, compiler) if given.=20
Identification = number or=20 other reference referring to the specific document.=20
Publisher, if = different=20 from the issuing body.=20
Date.=20
Page or textual = division,=20 if relevant.

Not all references = will have=20 all this information. For economy, some categories may be omitted = if=20 obvious from context or deemed unnecessary. References to Senate=20 documents, for instance, often eliminate mention of the Congress. = As=20 always, whatever decisions are made about format, consistency = should be=20 maintained throughout a work's notes and bibliography.

Publication information

Most U.S. = government=20 publications are printed by the Government Printing Office = (Washington,=20 D.C.). Publication information for government documents may format = this=20 printing information in a variety of ways (for instance by = abbreviating to=20 GPO or leaving off the city). The Chicago Manual recommends = that a=20 work's references and bibliography choose one format and use it=20 consistently, regardless of how the publication information is = formatted=20 in the source. Consistency matters more than the particular = format. Nuts and = Bolts=20 recommends this version:

Washington, D.C.: = GPO,=20 2000

The=20 Internet

Most U.S. = government=20 public documents are now accessible online via the Government = Printing=20 Office's website (http://www.access.gpo.gov/). = Since=20 references are meant to help readers locate texts, Nuts and=20 Bolts=20 recommends including link information to public documents = accessible=20 through the official GPO website (not private third-party sites). = Such=20 link information is likely to become a standard part of references = to=20 public documents.

For general help = with=20 Internet citations, consult the guidelines below= .

23. The United = States=20 Constitution

Cite by article or = amendment, section, and clause (as needed). Abbreviations and = Arabic=20 numerals are customary.

Footnote/endnote=20

23. U.S. = Constitution,=20 preamble.

24. U.S. = Constitution,=20 art.1, sec. 8.

25. U.S. = Constitution,=20 amend. 14, sec. 1

Note: this is the = general=20 format for citing the Constitution. Citations in predominantly = legal works=20 follow different guidelines: 23. US Const, Amend XIV, =A7 1. See = the=20 Chicago Manual (15.312) for more details, or consult a = guide like=20 the University of Chicago Manual of Legal = Citation.

Page numbers or=20 bibliographic information for printed texts of the Constitution = are not=20 given.

Bibliographic entry. = The Constitution is not = listed in the=20 bibliography.

24.=20 Congressional documents

Documents include = the=20 Congressional Record; committee reports, hearings, and = prints;=20 bills and statues; and other documents. Publication=20 information (city, publisher) is not necessary.

Many = documents issue=20 from Congressional committees. Use the full committee name even = when a=20 sub-committee is identified as the document author. For other=20 congressional documents, include the number and session of = Congress, the=20 house (S. stands for Senate, H. and H.R. for House of = Representatives),=20 and the type and number of the publication. Types of congressional = publications include public laws (P.L. 106-11), bills (S 87, H.R. = 213),=20 resolutions (S. Res. 14, H. Res. 29), reports (S. Rept. 106-109, = H. Rept.=20 103), and documents (S. Doc. 144, H. Doc. 282).

Congressional Record

Since = 1873 the=20 Congressional Record (often abbreviated as Cong. = Rec. in=20 notes) has served as a daily record of congressional activities = and=20 debates. Cite the permanent bound version when possible, and = identify=20 daily or biweekly editions (which are likely to have different = pagination)=20 when citing them.

If, as = will usually=20 be the case, the body of your paper identifies the speaker and the = subject=20 of a speech recorded in the Congressional Record, the note = and=20 reference may take this form:

Footnote/endnote. You may = include a=20 year, year and date, or skip this information altogether, as the = volume=20 and page will locate the source.=20

24. Cong. = Rec.,=20 106th Cong., 2nd sess. 2000, 146, no.=20 111:H7826-H7827.

Bibliographic entry=20

Congressional Record . 106th Cong., 2d = sess., 2000.=20 Vol. 146, no. 111.

If = speaker or subject=20 are not clear from your use of the material, include this = information in=20 the note and reference:

Footnote/endnote. The date = may be=20 included.

24. = Representative=20 David Bonior of Michigan speaking on the floor of the House = on the=20 Chinese government's jailing of 81-year-old Catholic bishop = Zeng=20 Jingmu, 106th Cong., 2d sess., Cong. Rec. (19 Sept. = 2000),=20 146, no. = 111:H7826-H7827.

Bibliographic entry=20

U.S. House.=20 Representative David Bonior of Michigan speaking on the = Chinese=20 government's jailing of 81-year-old Catholic bishop Zeng = Jingmu.=20 106th Cong., 2d sess. Congressional Record (19 Sept. = 2000).=20 Vol. 146, no. 111.

Reports and documents

Reports and=20 documents of the Senate and the House are numbered and bound in = the serial=20 set. The abbreviations Rept. (Report), Doc. (Document), S. = (Senate) and H.=20 (House of Representatives) are used.

Footnote/endnote. The = specific page=20 reference is included if appropriate.

29. House = Committee on=20 the Judiciary, Internet Nondiscrimination Act of 2000: = Report=20 together with Minority Views (to accompany H.R. 3709), = 106th=20 Cong., 2d sess., 2000, H. Rept.106-609,=20 23-24.

Bibliographic entry=20

U.S. House. = Committee=20 on the Judiciary. Internet Nondiscrimination Act of 2000: = Report=20 together with Minority Views (to accompany H.R. 3709). = 106th=20 Cong., 2d sess., 2000. H.=20 Rept.106-609.

Hearings

Footnote/endnote. The = specific page=20 reference is included if appropriate.

32. Senate = Committee=20 on Foreign Relations, United Nations Peacekeeping = Missions and=20 Their Proliferation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on=20 International Operations of the Committee on Foreign = Relations,=20 106 Cong., 2nd sess., 2000, = 137-142.

Bibliographic entry=20

U.S. Senate. = Committee=20 on Foreign Relations. United Nations Peacekeeping = Missions and=20 Their Proliferation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on=20 International Operations of the Committee on Foreign = Relations.=20 106 Cong., 2nd sess., 2000. =

Committee=20 prints

Footnote/endnote. Include = page=20 reference if appropriate.

33. = Senate = Committee on=20 Foreign Relations, Country Reports on Economic Policy and = Trade=20 Practices, report submitted to the Committee on Foreign=20 Relations, Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate and the = Committee=20 on International Relations, Committee on Ways and Means of = the U.S.=20 House of Representatives by the Department of State in = accordance=20 with section 2202 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness = Act of=20 1988, 106th Cong., 2d sess., 2000, Committee Print 45,=20 117-118.

Bibliographic entry=20

U.S. Senate=20 Committee on Foreign Relations. Country Reports on = Economic=20 Policy and Trade Practices, report submitted to the = Committee on=20 Foreign Relations, Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate = and the=20 Committee on International Relations, Committee on Ways and = Means of=20 the U.S. House of Representatives by the Department of State = in=20 accordance with section 2202 of the Omnibus Trade and=20 Competitiveness Act of 1988. 106th Cong., 2d sess., 2000. = Committee=20 Print 45.

Bills (and resolutions)=20

Congressional bills=20 are proposed laws. Bills and resolutions are cited in notes but = not=20 usually not included in the bibliography. Initially, bills are = published=20 as pamphlets.

Footnote/endnote=20

47. House, = Internet=20 Access Charge Prohibition Act of 2000, 106th Cong., 2d = sess.,=20 H.R. 1291.

Or, if the title of the = bill appears=20 in the text, it may be left out of the note:

47. H.R. = 1291, 106th=20 Cong., 2d sess.

Bibliographic entry

As = noted, bills=20 and resolutions are not usually included in the = bibliography. = If you do list=20 one, the bibliographic entry should include the = title:

U.S. House.=20 Internet Access Charge Prohibition Act of 2000. 106th = Cong.,=20 2d sess., H.R. = 1291.

25. = Statutes or=20 laws

Statutes = are=20 published in several different sources, and the particular source = must be=20 specified. Statutes may be included in the bibliography, but they = are often=20 cited only in notes. Be consistent.

Public laws

Statutes = are first=20 published separately, being referred to as slip laws or public=20 laws.

Footnote/endnote. Include = page=20 reference(s) if appropriate.

35. = Border=20 Smog Reduction Act of 1998, Public Law 286, 105th Cong., = 1st=20 sess., (27 October 1998), 3. =

Bibliographic entry=20

Border Smog=20 Reduction Act of 1998. Public Law 286. 105th Cong., 1st = sess.,=20 27 October 1998.

Statutes at Large

After = individual=20 publication, laws are collected in bound volumes entitled = United States=20 Statutes at Large.

Footnote/endnote. Include = specific page=20 reference(s) if appropriate.

48. = Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, U.S. Statutes at = Large=20 102 (1989): 4194, 4227. =

Bibliographic entry=20

Anti-Drug=20 Abuse Act of 1988. U.S. Statutes at Large 102 = (1989):=20 4181-4545.

U.S. Code

Eventually laws=20 are incorporated into the United States = Code.

Footnote/endnote. Include = particular=20 section reference(s) if appropriate.

57. = Lobbying=20 Disclosure Act, U.S. Code, vol. 2, sec.=20 1602.

Bibliographic entry=20

Lobbying=20 Disclosure Act. U.S. Code. Vol. 2, secs.=20 1601-1612.

26. Presidential = documents

These include = executive=20 orders, addresses, and public papers, and other documents. These = are=20 published in The Weekly Compilation of Presidential = Documents the=20 Federal Register, which is also available in microfiche = (and, Nuts and Bolts adds, online), and in = the=20 Public Papers of the Presidents of the United = States.

Footnote/endnote=20

26. William = J.=20 Clinton, "Letter to Congressional Leaders on Permanent = Normal Trade=20 Relations Status With China," Weekly Compilation of = Presidential=20 Documents 36, no. 4 (31 January 2000), = 133-179.

27.William = J. Clinton,=20 "Memorandum on Electronic Commerce," Public Papers of the = Presidents of the United States, vol. 2 (Washington, = D.C.: GPO,=20 1998), pp. 2100-2102.

Bibliographic entry=20

Clinton, = William J.=20 "Letter to Congressional Leaders on Permanent Normal Trade = Relations=20 Status With China." Weekly Compilation of Presidential=20 Documents 36, no. 4 (31 January 2000), = 133-179.

_____. = "Memorandum on=20 Electronic Commerce." Public Papers of the Presidents of = the=20 United States. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: GPO,=20 1998

27. Executive = department,=20 administrative agency, and government commission = documents

Discretion is allowed=20 in how to refer to an issuing body. Census Bureau publications, = for=20 instance, need not list the Department of Commerce as a parent=20 organization. In general, familiar agencies or bureaus may be = cited as the=20 issuing body; citations of less-familiar ones should include the = parent=20 department. Sub-units within agencies often issue documents, and = these=20 should be listed in top-down order.

Footnote/endnote=20

28. = U.S.=20 National Bipartisan = Commission=20 on the Future of Medicare, Building a Better Medicare for = Today=20 and Tomorrow (Washington: GPO, 1999), = 117-122.

27. = U.S.=20 Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Division of = Voluntary=20 Programs, OSHA Handbook for Small Businesses, rev. = ed.=20 (Washington, D.C.: Occupational Safety and Health = Administration,=20 1990), 23.

Bibliographic entry=20

U.S.=20 National Bipartisan = Commission=20 on the Future of Medicare. Building a Better Medicare for = Today=20 and Tomorrow. Washington: GPO, 1999.

U.S.=20 Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Division of = Voluntary=20 Programs. OSHA Handbook for Small Businesses, rev. = ed.=20 Washington, D.C.: Occupational Safety and Health = Administration,=20 1990.

28. Federal and = state=20 court decisions

Court = decisions are=20 usually not included in the bibliography.

Supreme Court

Supreme = Court=20 decisions are published officially in the United States Supreme = Court=20 Reports (abbreviated U.S.). They are also published in the = Supreme=20 Court Reporter (Sup. Ct.). Citations should preferably be to = U.S.,=20 though Sup. Ct. may be used if necessary, or both sources may be=20 cited.

Footnote/endnote. = Include page=20 reference if pertinent.=20

Adarand=20 Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200, 115 S.Ct. 2097 = (1995).

Federal Court

Lower = federal court=20 decisions are published officially in the Federal Reporter=20 (abbreviated F.). If the decision is in a supplement (Supp.) or a = series=20 (2d, 3rd, etc.) other than the first, this should be noted. The = court and=20 date are identified at the end of the citation.

Footnote/endnote=20

Friends of=20 the Earth, Inc. v. United States Army Corps of = Engineers, 109 F.=20 Supp. 2d 30 ( D.C. Cir. = 2000).

State Court

Similar = format: the=20 case name, reporter reference, state, and year.

Footnote/endnote=20

Foley v.=20 Honeywell, 488 N.W.2d 268 (Minn.=20 1992).

In = general,=20 subsequent citations of court decisions may be shortened to case = titles:=20 Adarand Constructor, Inc. v. Pena, 47.

29. A magazine=20 article

Some = periodicals may=20 use different titles for articles on the contents page and at the=20 beginning of the article itself. In such cases, use the title from = the=20 contents page.

Footnote/endnote

21. Evan Thomas and Bill Turque, "Gore: The Precarious = Prince,"=20 Newsweek, 21 August 2000,=20 38-41.

Bibliographic = entry=20

Thomas, Evan and Bill Turque. "Gore: The Precarious = Prince."=20 Newsweek, 21 August 2000,=20 38-41.

30. An anonymous = magazine=20 article

Footnote/endnote

22.=20 "Preserving Life on Other Planets," The Economist, 29 = July=20 2000, 79.

Bibliographic = entry=20

"Preserving Life on Other Planets." The = Economist, 29=20 July 2000, 79.

31. A newspaper=20 article=20

Footnote/endnote

23. Jim Hoagland, "The Concord and the Kursk," = Washington=20 Post, 20 August 2000, = B7.

Bibliographic = entry=20

Hoagland, Jim. "The Concord and the Kursk." = Washington=20 Post, 20 August 2000, = B7.

32. An unsigned = article or=20 editorial

Footnote/endnote

24.=20 "A Right to Discriminate?" Washington Post, 20 August = 2000,=20 B6.

Bibliographic = entry=20

"A=20 Right to Discriminate?" Washington Post 20 August = 2000,=20 B6.

33. A = pamphlet=20

Treat a = pamphlet like=20 a book.

34. = Multiple=20 citations in one note

The = Chicago Manual=20 of Style recommends avoiding excessive notes when possible. If = a=20 sentence has several cited texts, it is generally wise to gather = the=20 citations in one note at the end of the sentence.

Footnote/endnote=20

This=20 belief, that modern capitalism rewards firms that develop = humanistic=20 structures and cultures, has become the conventional wisdom = of=20 management studies, expressed in best-selling works over the = past=20 twenty years by scholars like Tom Peters, Robert Waterman, = William=20 Ouchi, W. Edwards Deming, Peter Senge, and many others.

35. See for=20 instance Thomas J. Peters and Robert H. Waterman, Jr., In = Search=20 of Excellence (New York: Harper & Row, 1982); = William G.=20 Ouchi, Theory Z (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, = 1981); W.=20 Edwards Deming, Out of the Crisis (Cambridge, Mass.: = MIT=20 Center for Advanced Engineering Study, 1986); and Peter = Senge,=20 The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the = Learning=20 Organization (New York: Doubleday,=20 1990).

Likewise, = a paragraph=20 containing several short quotations need not give a citation for = each of=20 them, especially if they are from the same text. Avoid confusion = by=20 matching the number and order of citations to the number and order = of=20 quoted passages.

Bibliographic entry. Each work, of course, is entered in the = bibliography=20 separately.

35. A=20 translation

Footnote/endnote=20

Galileo Galilei, Dialogue Concerning the Two = Chief World=20 Systems=97Ptolemaic and Copernican, trans. Stillman = Drake=20 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, = 1953),=20 147-161.

Bibliographic entry

Galilei, Galileo. Dialogue Concerning the Two = Chief World=20 Systems=97Ptolemaic and Copernican. Translated by = Stillman Drake.=20 Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,=20 1953.

36. A second or subsequent = edition

Footnote/endnote. = As = usual.

29.=20 Glynne Wickham, The Medieval Theatre, 3rd ed. = (Cambridge:=20 Cambridge University Press, 1987),=20 222.

Bibliographic = entry=20

Wickham, Glynne. The Medieval Theatre. 3rd = ed.=20 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,=20 1987.

The name = of an=20 editor, translator, or compiler (if any) is placed before the=20 edition. =

37. = Indirect=20 source

Footnote/endnote. = Include as=20 much information as you can about the original source. =

30. = Jakob=20 Burckhardt, quoted in Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, Fortune Is a = Woman:=20 Gender and Politics in the Thought of Niccol=F2 Machiavelli=20 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), = 25.

31. = Alistair=20 Horne, To Lose a Battle (Boston: Little, Brown, = 1969), 56-57.=20 Quoted in William Manchester, The Last Lion: Winston = Spencer=20 Churchill, vol. 2, Alone: 1932-1940 (Boston: = Little,=20 Brown, 1988), 55.

Bibliographic entry. If you use a text only indirectly, don't include = it in the=20 bibliography.

38. Abbreviations for frequently cited = works

The Chicago = Manual of=20 Style = allows in-text=20 parenthetical citations of frequently cited works. This is common, = for=20 instance, in extended studies of an author. A note attached to the = first=20 citation from the author explains the abbreviations = used.

The citation in the body of the = essay

Necessity=20 rather than ethics drives political action, Machiavelli = says: "It is=20 necessary for a prince to know well how to use the beast and = the=20 man" (P 69).

The note

1.=20 Quotations from Machiavelli are cited in the text with the=20 abbreviations listed below, noting text and page reference.=20

P: The=20 Prince, trans. and ed. Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr. = (Chicago:=20 University of Chicago Press, 1985).

D: = Discourses on=20 Livy, trans. Harvey C. Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov = (Chicago:=20 University of Chicago Press,=20 1996).

If ten or more = abbreviations=20 are used, these should be gathered together in a list and placed = nears the=20 endnotes (or bibliography). If the list is brief (a half-page or = less), it=20 is placed after the heading "Notes" and before the notes = themselves.. If=20 the list is long, it is placed on a page or pages preceding the = notes or=20 bibliography, with the heading "Abbreviations" in the same style = as the=20 Notes. The list is prefaced with a brief explanation, and arranged = in two=20 columns: abbreviations on the left, and full bibliographic = references on=20 the right. You may use whatever abbreviations are convenient = (usually=20 acronyms or the first letter of a text).

39. = Missing=20 bibliographic information

Use the = following=20 abbreviations for information you can't supply.

n.p.
n.p.
n.d.

No=20 place of publication given
No publisher given
No date = of=20 publication given

If both place and = publisher=20 information is lacking, use just one n.p. Put the = abbreviation=20 where the information would customarily go.

Kiefer, Frederick. Fortune and Elizabethan = Tragedy.=20 N.p.: Huntington Library, = 1983.

If the missing = information=20 is known but not given, it may be included in brackets.

Carter, Thomas. Shakespeare and Holy = Scripture. New=20 York: AMS Press, = [1970].

If you're = uncertain=20 about the accuracy of the information, use a question mark. If a = date is=20 approximate, precede it with c. for circa ("about"). =

[Norton, Thomas?]. A Declaration of Favourable = Dealing by=20 Her Majesty's Commissioners for the Examination of Certain=20 Traitors. London, c. = 1583.

Especially for old = works=20 (pre-1900), missing publication information may simply be=20 omitted.

Chicago = Internet notes and=20 references

The 15th = edition of=20 The Chicago Manual of = Style,=20 published in 2003, contains a considerable amount of information = about=20 citing electronic materials, but no documentation style can fully = account=20 for the variety of sources available on the Internet. Below = you=92ll find=20 some specific guidelines for citing things like web sites and = online=20 publications, but at times, you=92ll encounter a source that = simply defies=20 categorization. In those cases, evaluate the source carefully to = make sure=20 that it=92s legitimate, and then use common sense (and the = knowledge you=92ve=20 gained here about Chicago style documentation) to format your = citation in=20 a way that includes as much information about your source as = possible.=20

Fortunately, you=92ll=20 most often find that Internet sources provide you with several key = bits of=20 information: an author=92s name or a sponsoring organization, a = title, a=20 date when the information was posted, and a specific URL or web = address.=20 Collect as much of this information as possible when you begin to = format a=20 citation. You may also want to include the date on which you = accessed the=20 source online (see below for examples of this). Chicago style = doesn=92t=20 always require an access date in citations, but including one is = generally=20 a good idea.

Whatever = the case, be=20 aware that it is usually NOT sufficient to identify a web source = by its=20 URL alone (as in www.hoovers.com).=20 Such citations are apt to leave your reader with too many = questions: What=20 part of the web site are you referencing? How do we know that the=20 information is coming from a trustworthy source? When did you = access the=20 site? Providing this information usually isn't all that difficult. =

The=20 page problem

One = complication of=20 online documents is that they usually lack page numbers, so it's = not easy=20 to point readers to particular passages. In order to direct = readers as=20 closely as possible to the right source passage, use whatever = divisions=20 the work is formatted in. If you are citing a single web page that = is=20 contained on a larger web site, give both page and site titles, = just as=20 you would for a chapter or essay from an edited collection. = Otherwise,=20 look for division numbers, section titles or for words like = Introduction=20 and Conclusion. If you feel it will be helpful to your readers, = you can=20 include a brief descriptive phrase to identify which part of a = website=20 you're referring to.

What's=20 your source?

Another = source of=20 confusion with online documents is the profusion of copies of = texts. With=20 the way the Internet works, anyone can post any document, accurate = or not,=20 for public access. In general, make sure that if you're quoting = from a=20 text you try to track down the copyright holder or other = responsible=20 organization, rather than taking the text and URL from a personal = page or=20 other idiosyncratic source. For instance, cite government = documents from=20 the Government Printing Office's website (http://www.access.gpo.gov/) or similar = source. Doing so=20 increases the chances you'll get an accurate copy, and it = reassures=20 readers about your scholarly care. For more on online research, = see the=20 Nuts and Bolts section on Research = and the=20 Internet.

Here are the types = of=20 electronic sources detailed below:

E1. Web site with an individual author
E2. = Organizational=20 or corporate web site
E3. Short work from a larger web=20 site
E4. Online book

E5. Article in an online journal or magazine
E6. = Article=20 accessed through an online database
E7. = Government=20 publication

E8. Other web materials
E9. Forum or conference=20 posting
E10. Email

E1. Web site with an = individual=20 author

Footnote/endnote

11.=20 Philip Pullman, home page, http://www.philip-pullman.com/=20 (accessed May 14, 2008).

Bibliographic = entry=20

Pullman, Philip. Home page. http://www.philip-pullman.com/=20 (accessed May 14, 2008). =

Since the = web site=20 being referenced here has no specific title, the descriptive = phrase "Home=20 page" is sufficient. It's also worth noting that personal web = sites are=20 often not listed in the bibliography.

E2. Organizational or = corporate web=20 site

Footnote/endnote

7.=20 American Political Science Association, APSANET: The = American=20 Political Science Association Online, http://apsanet.org/ = (accessed=20 November 2, 2007).

8.=20 Ford Motor Company, home page, http://www.ford.com/ = (accessed=20 February 20, 2008).

Bibliographic = entry=20

American Political Science Association. APSANET: = The=20 American Political Science Association Online. http://apsanet.org/ = (accessed=20 November 2, 2007).

Ford=20 Motor Company. Home page. http://www.ford.com/ = (accessed=20 February 20, 2008).

E3. Short work from a larger=20 website

Footnote/endnote

7.=20 "A Capsule Chronology: Highlights of the Philadelphia = Folklore=20 Project (1987-2007)," Philadelphia Folklore Project, = http://www.folk= loreproject.org/about/history.cfm=20 (accessed March 1, = 2008).

Bibliographic = entry=20

"A=20 Capsule Chronology: Highlights of the Philadelphia Folklore = Project=20 (1987-2007)." Philadelphia Folklore Project. http://www.folk= loreproject.org/about/history.cfm=20 (accessed March 1, = 2008).

E4. Online book =

Footnote/endnote

Previously published=20 book

3. = Sarah Orne=20 Jewett, The Country of the Pointed Firs (1910; online = edition, Bartleby.com, 1999), http://www.bartleby.com/125/=20 (accessed August 15 2007).

Online book or book = published=20 both online and in print

4. = Michael=20 Harvey, The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing = (Indianapolis:=20 Hackett, 2000), http://nutsandbolts.washcoll.e= du/=20 (accessed June 2, 2008). =

Bibliographic = entry=20

Jewett, Sarah Orne. The Country of the Pointed = Firs.=20 1910. Online edition, Bartleby.com, 1999. http://www.bartleby.com/125/=20 (accessed August 15, 2007).

Harvey, Michael. The Nuts and Bolts of College=20 Writing. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2000. http://nutsandbolts.washcoll.e= du/=20 (accessed June 2, 2008). =

E5. Article in an online = journal or=20 magazine

Footnote/endnote

4.=20 Daniel = Gross,=20 "People Who Buy Glass Houses: Are Architectural Landmarks a = Good=20 Real-Estate Investment?," Slate Magazine (June 4, = 2008), http://www.slate.com/id/2192938= /=20 (accessed June 5, 2008).=20

Bibliographic = entry=20

Gross,=20 Daniel. "People Who Buy Glass Houses: Are Architectural = Landmarks a=20 Good Real-Estate Investment?." Slate Magazine (June = 4, 2008).=20 http://www.slate.com/id/2192938= /=20 (accessed June 5, = 2008).

E6. Article accessed through = an online=20 database

Footnote/endnote

5. Joseph=20 Berger, "A Post-Katrina Charter School in New Orleans Gets a = Second=20 Chance," New York Times, October 17, 2007, sec. B, http://www.lexisnexis.com/=20 (accessed May 20, = 2008).

Bibliographic = entry=20

Berger,=20 Joseph. "A Post-Katrina School in New Orleans Gets a Second = Chance."=20 New York Times, October 17, 2007, sec. B. http://www.lexisnexis.com/=20 (accessed May 20, = 2008).

E7. Government publication=20

Footnote/endnote

6.=20 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, "Commission Staff = Issues=20 Accounting Bulletin on Revenue Recognition," press release, = 3=20 December 1999, http://www.sec.gov/news= /press/99-162.txt=20 (17 July 2000).

Bibliographic = entry=20

U.S.=20 Securities and Exchange Commission. "Commission Staff Issues = Accounting Bulletin on Revenue Recognition." Press Release. = 3 Dec.=20 1999. http://www.sec.gov/news= /press/99-162.txt=20 (17 July 2000).

For other = kinds of=20 public documents, apply these Internet elements=97the URL and = retrieval=20 date=97to the formats for=20 public documents above.

E8.=20 Other web materials

Footnote/endnote

8.=20 "Microstrategy,=20 Inc.," chart, Washington Post, 20 August 2000, http= ://financial.washingtonpost.com/graph.asp?ticker=3DMSTR=20 (20 August 2000).

Bibliographic = entry=20

"Microstrategy, Inc." = Chart.=20 Washington Post, 20 August 2000. http= ://financial.washingtonpost.com/graph.asp?ticker=3DMSTR=20 (20 August 2000).

E9. Forum or conference=20 posting=20

Footnote/endnote

9.=20 William = Jensen,=20 "Re: Question About Grading Essays," 17 April 2000, http://tychousa2.umuc.edu/TMGT999/0009/0901/class.nsf/M= enu?OpenFrameSet&Login=20 (18 July=20 2000).=20

Use of = the source=20 material in the body of the essay should clarify the nature of the = source.

Bibliographic entry. Postings=20 not accessible to the public are generally not included in the=20 bibliography. Public postings may be = included.=20

E10. Email=20

Footnote/endnote

9.=20 Peter Johnson, email to author, 3 October=20 2007.

Bibliographic entry.=20 Following CMS style for personal communications, email is = generally not=20 listed in the bibliography (CMS = 15.269).

Substantive = notes

Sometimes a writer = wants to=20 discuss a topic or mention something that doesn't really fit in = the body=20 of the paper: a discussion of sources, for instance, that seems = too narrow=20 to fit in the body. For such instances one may use substantive, or = discursive, notes. These generally follow the same format and = share the=20 numbering of other endnotes or footnotes in the paper, though = lengthy=20 works with very extensive documentation (unlikely for = undergraduate=20 writing) may put bibliographic in endnotes and substantive notes = in=20 footnotes.

Here are = some typical=20 kinds of comments that might go in notes.

An = acknowledgment or=20 thanks, numbered "1" and attached to the title or first sentence = of the=20 essay.

1. Thanks=20 to the Society of Junior Fellows for generous research=20 support.

A note on = method,=20 attached to the first use of pertinent material.

8.=20 Pseudonyms have been used to preserve the confidentiality of = interviewees.

2. In 1998=20 Allient Computing changed its accounting procedures, making=20 comparison with previous years=20 impractical.

A note = that mentions=20 or evaluates sources.

1.=20 On this difficult subject see Otto Demus, Byzantine Art = and the=20 West (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970). The Larousse=20 Encyclopaedia of Byzantine and Medieval Art, ed. Ren=E9 = Huyghe=20 (Paris, 1958), supplies useful documentation on other = influences=20 from the Near and Far East including Persian, Egyptian, = Indian and=20 Chinese Art of earlier periods.

Glynne Wickham, The Medieval = Theatre,=20 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987,=20 224.

This kind of=20 substantive note requires special handling. If a text mentioned = here has=20 already been cited in full earlier in the work, it may receive a = short=20 reference here:

27. As an=20 example of this movement, the interpretive gulf between = Tillyard and=20 Greenblatt, "Circulation," shows how radically scholarly = fashion can=20 change from one generation to the=20 next.

If = a work is=20 being cited for the first time in a substantive note, the = bibliographic=20 reference is supplied in the note. It may be given in parentheses, = worked=20 into the text, or supplied at the end of the note. If it is given = in=20 parentheses, then brackets [] are used to enclose the publication = facts=20 (city, publisher, year).

3D"Top 3D"Next Next: = CBE=20 style